Reflexive verbs in Ukrainian are easy to recognize: they all end with the suffix –ся (–сь) after the infinitive: митися, боятися, or кататись. The reflexive form is quite common in Ukrainian: the majority of the verbs have it.
To conjugate reflexive verbs (зворотні дієслова) you just need to put ся at the end of the word.
What does ся mean?
Ся comes from себе, the Ukrainian word for “the self”.
Considering this, can you guess what the first case of using reflexive verbs is?
1. The subject and the object refer to the same thing
We use reflexive verbs when the subject and the object refer to the same thing, as you would use the word ‘-self’ in English.
Compare:
- Я мию руки. – I wash my hands.
Я миюся. – I wash myself. - Ти одягаєш дитину. – You dress a child.
Ти одягаєшся. – You dress yourself. - Вчитель готує урок. – A teacher prepares a lesson.
Учень готується до уроку. – A student is preparing (himself) for a lesson.
2. Reciprocal meaning
Now, when we are ready with ourselves, we can meet other people 🙂 The next usage of reflexive verbs is to express reciprocal meaning.
In English, we usually say it as “each other”.
Compare:
- Я обіймаю тебе. – I hug you.
Ми обіймаємося. – We hug each other. - Він цілує її. – He kisses her.
Вони цілуються. – They kiss (each other). - Я зустріла друга. – I met a friend.
Ми з другом зустрілися у кафе. – Me and my friend met each other at the café.
Давай зустрінемося! – Let’s meet (each other)!
Improve your knowledge of Ukrainian verbs ending with -сь / -ся with this romantic Ukrainian Lessons Podcast episode >
ULP 3-109 На побаченні – On a date in Ukrainian + Reflexive verbs
3. Intransitive verbs
We also use the reflexive for intransitive verbs. These are the verbs that have no object, just a subject:
- Сміятися – to laugh
- Усміхатися – to smile
- Надіятися, сподіватися – to hope
Some verbs, in their reflexive forms, behave as intransitive ones. Compare:
- Мій кіт кусає мене. – My cat bites me.
Мій кіт кусається. – My cat bites. - Він відчиняє двері. – He opens the door.
Двері відчиняються. – The door opens. - Вона закінчує розмову. – She ends a conversation.
Розмова закінчилася. – A conversation ended.
4. Impersonal verbs
Some impersonal verbs that have no object can act as reflective verbs:
- Мені подобається Київ. – I like Kyiv.
- Мені не хочеться працювати. – I don’t want to work.
- Мені здається… – It seems to me…
5. Passive voice
Passive voice is rare in Ukrainian and you’d better avoid it. Still, we use it sometimes.
When it is used with an imperfective verb, we use the reflexive form.
Compare:
- Чоловік будує будинок. – A man builds a house.
Будинок будується. – A house is being built. - Мама народила мене. – Mom gave birth to me.
Я народилася. – I was born.
Learn more about the difference between perfective and imperfective in Episode #91 Рекомендації; Asking for advice in Ukrainian + Using imperfective and perfective verb aspects in Ukrainian
6. The state of a subject
In Ukrainian, some reflexive verbs express the state of a subject. In English, we usually translate them as “to be”:
- Цікавитися – to be interested in
- Займатися – to be engaged in
- Боятися – to be afraid
- Помилятися – to be mistaken
- Захоплюватися – to be keen on
- Злитися, сердитися – to be angry
- Пишатися – to be proud of
! Reflexive verbs you should memorize
Some uses of reflexive forms don’t follow these six patterns. Just memorize them:
- Користуватися – to use
- Почуватися – to feel
- Кататися – to ride
- Прогулюватися – to go for a walk
- Домовлятися – to agree
! Some verbs change their meaning when in the reflexive form:
- залишати – to leave but залишатися – to stay
- захоплювати – to grab but захоплюватися – to be keen on
- займати – to occupy but займатися – to do, to be busy with something
- вчити – to teach, to learn but вчитися – to study
- турбувати – to disturb but турбуватися – to take care
- ставати – to stand, to become but ставатися – to happen
- пити – to drink but напитися – to get drunk
- кохати – to love but кохатися – to make love
***
To practice what you have just learned on reflexive verbs, translate the following sentences into English:
- Всі хочуть змінити інших, але хтось хоче змінитися?
- Що сталося, чому він став таким злим?
- А зараз стаття про зворотні дієслова закінчується 🙂 Побачимося згодом!
Learning Ukrainian and looking for great resources? Check out our list of 1000 most common words in Ukrainian with interactive flashcards. You can also learn Ukrainian step by step wherever you are with our free Ukrainian Lessons Podcast.